Cái
gì nối
vòng tay lớn, những tiểu thuyết gia lớn lao này, vượt ra khỏi biên
cương, bờ luỹ,
xứ sở, quốc gia của họ? Hai điều thiết yếu, cơ bản của tiểu thuyết ...
và xã hội.
Sự tưởng tượng và ngôn ngữ. Chúng trả lời câu hỏi về điều phân biệt
tiểu thuyết
với báo chí, khoa học, chính trị, kinh tế và ngay cả với điều tra triết
học. Chúng
đem “thực tại chữ”, tới cho cái phần thế giới chưa được viết ra. Và chúng cùng chia sẻ nỗi sợ khẩn thiết của tất
cả những tác giả văn chương: Nếu ta, một thằng như thằng cha GCC, thí
dụ, đếch
viết "từ" đó, thí dụ, Cái Ác Bắc Kít, lên trang Tin Văn, là sẽ đếch có
thằng chó nào khác, viết!
Nếu GCC
không thốt ra "từ" đó, lời đó, thế giới sẽ rơi vào câm lặng (hay là vào
tầm phào,
ngồi lê đôi mách, và giận dữ). Và 1 "từ"
không viết ra, kết án tất cả chúng ta chết câm nín, và bất bình, đếch
hài lòng.
Chỉ có cái gì nói ra thì thiêng liêng, đếch nói đếch thiêng. Bằng cái việc nói
điều gì đó, tiểu thuyết làm
cho thấy, khía cạnh không thấy, của thực tại của chúng ta. Và nó làm
như vậy
theo một cách thức hoàn toàn không thể tiên đoán được, bằng những tiêu
chuẩn hiện
thực hay tâm lý, của quá khứ. Sửdụng "tới chỉ", cách thức, phương pháp,
của
Bakhtin, tiểu thuyết gia sử dụng giả tưởng như là 1 đấu trường, và
những nhân vật
xuất hiện, trang bị đủ thứ khí giới, nào ngôn ngữ, nào luật ứng xử…. mở
rộng mảnh
đất, nơi con người hiện diện trong lịch sử. Tiểu thuyết sau cùng làm
cho trở thành
thích ứng, chiếm hữu cái điều mà trước đó, nó không là: báo chí,
triết học…
Vì lý
do đó, tiểu thuyết còn quá cả cái điều mà người ta thường nghĩ về nó:
phản chiếu
thực tại. Nó tạo ra một thực tại mới, một thực tại chưa hiện hữu,
trước
đó, và nếu không có nó, chúng ta không thể nào tưởng tượng thực
tại, như
chúng ta biết nó. Và như thế, tiểu thuyết tạo ra một kiểu, một thứ
thời
gian cho độc giả. Quá khứ được giải cứu ra khỏi những viện bảo tàng, và
tương
lai trở thành một hứa hẹn ý thức hệ không thể nắm bắt được. Trong tiểu
thuyết,
quá khứ trở thành hồi ức, và tương lai, ham muốn, ước ao, thèm thuồng. Tuy
nhiên, cả hai xẩy ra trong bây giờ, trong thời hiện tại của người đọc,
đọc, thì
bèn nhớ và bèn thèm. Hôm nay, Don Quixote lên đường chiến đấu với mấy
cái cối
say gió, như là những thằng khổng lồ. Hôm nay, Emma Bovary sẽ đi vô
phòng bào
chế Homais. Hôm nay,
Leopold Bloom sẽ sống hết một ngày đơn độc của tháng
Sáu ở thành phố Dublin. William Faulkner, cực bảnh, khi phán, thời gian
thì không
phải là tiến trình, tiếp tục, tiếp nối, nó là khoảnh khắc: "Làm đếch gì
có ngày hôm qua, ngày mai, chỉ có khoảnh khắc, tất cả chỉ là khoảng
khắc, lúc này,
bi giờ."
Nếu gọi tên
hai nhà văn Pháp, một trong quá khứ một ở
hiện tại, mà chị ngưỡng mộ hoặc đồng cảm thì đó là ai ? Chị muốn nhìn
thấy nhà
văn Pháp nào hoặc tiểu thuyết Pháp nào được dịch ở Việt Nam ?
Camus - ngắn
gọn, chính xác và bình thản. Houellebecq - sắc sảo, hài hước và khiêu
khích. Với
tôi, đó là hai cách thể hiện độc đáo cho cùng một đề tài không ngừng
được khai
thác trong văn chương - sự phi lý của nhân gian.
Nếu các tác
phẩm của hai tác giả này được dịch và giới thiệu một cách nghiêm túc và
có hệ
thống, tôi tin rằng đó sẽ là món quà đẹp cho độc giả Việt Nam.
Blog GM
Camus là tác
giả của thời mới lớn của Gấu, và của những người cùng tuổi Gấu, và, có
thể dùng
1 câu của ông, để diễn tả cái thời đó, với 1 chút thay đổi:
Tôi lớn lên
cùng với những người cùng tuổi tôi, trong tiếng trống trận Đệ Nhất Thế
Chiến,
và lịch sử, từ đó, không ngừng chỉ là bất công, bạo lực và sát nhân.
Cái thời của
ông là hậu chiến. Thời của Gấu là thời đợi cuộc chiến gọi tên. Ông là
tác giả rất
được đám Miền Nam say mê, và cũng đã được giới thiệu khá đầy đủ.
Món quà đẹp
cho độc giả Việt Nam, nào?
Thứ độc giả biến thành nạn nhân, của “bất
công bạo lực và sát nhân” do VC gây nên?
Bữa trước, đọc
SCN, thấy khoe, hai tác giả gối mông [từ này là của em NT] là Nabokov
và Kafka,
GCC đã sững sờ, một ông thiện và một ông ác, cùng tranh mông của 1 em
Mít.
Bây giờ Camus và Houellebecq lại tranh nhau
mông của 1 em Bắc Kít khác!
Camus thì cả
nhân loại quí, và... chịu. Còn ông
Houellebecp, đến mẹ của ông ta cũng không chịu nổi, chính thằng con của
bà, vậy
mà cùng tranh tí mông Mít, sao?
Vả chăng,
cái mà Camus thù nhất, là đặc quyền, của đám khốn kiếp, tư bản, CS, hay
bất cứ
ai. Em Mít này, khi còn bé, cũng thuộc cái sân gà vịt của đám con ông
cháu cha ở
thủ đô Hà Nội. [Xin coi bài viết của cái tay NG, của Đài Bi Bì Xèo, thì
biết về
cái sân chơi này]. Lớn lên thì đi Tây, đi Mỹ, vậy mà
mê Camus, sao?
Quái
đản thật!
Ngắn, gọn,
chính xác, và bình thản!
Camus 100
TV sẽ chuyển
ngữ bài viết “Trở về Tipsapa: Return to Tipasa”. (a)
Bản tiếng Anh có thêm
đề từ:
Return
to Tipasa
'You have
navigated with raging soul far from the
paternal
home, passing beyond the sea's double
rocks, and
you now inhabit a foreign land'
- Medea
Mi bơi, với linh hồn giận dữ đến phát khùng, xa tít khỏi xứ Mít, quá cả
Hai Hòn Bi của Biển, và bi giờ mi ở Xứ Người
Noces, thì
đã được ông Tẩy mũi tẹt TTD chuyển qua tiếng Mít là Giao Cảm.
August 12,
2013
The Life of
the Artist: A Mimodrama in Two Parts (1)
Posted by
Albert Camus
Translator’s
note:
“La Vie
d’Artiste,” originally published in a small Algerian journal in
February, 1953,
was recently collected in the fourth and final volume of the Pléiade
edition of
Albert Camus’s complete works. The play, now printed as an appendix to
the
short story collection “Exile and the Kingdom,” stands out as the only
of
Camus’s works in which the written words were not intended to be seen
or heard
by an audience. Unlike his other plays, “La Vie d’Artiste” contains no
dialogue; the text of the mime, or “mimodrame,” as Camus called it, is
made up
entirely of actions and directions. Composed in a clipped, elliptical
style,
and alternating between humor and horror, the play, appearing in
English here
for the first time, poses the question: How is one to be a pure,
authentic
artist and live in a world that corrupts and destroys purity?
This
question is also at the center of Camus’s later, better-known short
story
“Jonas, or The Artist at Work,” included in the same collection. While
the two
pieces have similar themes, “La Vie d’Artiste” is distinctly bleak in a
way the
later work is not. At the time the mime was written, Camus was
suffering from
deep personal and professional wounds as a result of a public argument
with
Jean-Paul Sartre over the political positions taken in Camus’s book
“The
Rebel.” This quarrel, coupled with his faltering marriage, sent Camus
into a
spiral of physical illnesses and a yearlong period of creative
sterility.
Whereas
“Jonas” ends with the artist recovering from a fall, surrounded by his
loving
wife, his friend, and his children, “La Vie d’Artiste” shows the
unnamed artist
alone, his wife dead, his friend gone, his children having fled long
ago. In
the short story, Jonas is granted a reprieve—an escape from his work,
however
temporary it may be—while the play’s painter is given no such luxury.
Ultimately,
“La Vie d’Artiste” is the more immediate, unfiltered response to the
anxieties
plaguing Camus at that stage in his life, while “Jonas” is the softer
version
that came to him with time and reflection. The short story concludes
with a
blank canvas “in the center of which Jonas had merely written, in very
small
letters, a word that could be made out, but without any certainty as to
whether
it should be read ‘solitary’ or ‘solidary.’ ” In the play, as the
curtain
slowly falls, we leave the artist beginning “to paint the dead face” of
his
wife.
—Ryan
Bloom
“Đời nghệ sĩ”,
kịch Camus, lần đầu tiên xuất hiện trên 1 tờ báo bèo ở Algeria, Tháng
Hai,
1953, nay được đưa vô ấn bản toàn bộ tác phẩm Pléiade, và được coi như
là phụ lục
của tuyển tập truyện ngắn Lưu Đày và
Quê Nhà.
Theo GCC, Lưu Đày
và Quê Nhà, chỉ nội cái tít thôi, nói lên toàn thể tác
phẩm của Camus,
và nó miêu tả, cực đúng, khí hậu nhân sinh, vào thời
kỳ này, như 1
đối cực của nghiệt ngã toàn cầu hóa.
How is one
to be a pure, authentic artist and live in a world that corrupts and
destroys
purity?
Làm sao 1 nghệ sĩ, thứ
thật trong trắng, thật chân thực, lại có thể sống trong
1 thế giới nhơ bẩn như hiện nay?
[nguyên văn: làm thế nào, là 1 nghệ sĩ trong trắng, chân thực, và sống
trong 1
thế giới làm hư ruỗng, huỷ diệt trong trắng, chân thực?]
(a)
Toi tinh
viet 1 cuon tieu thuyet!
GCC
-Anh
Trụ tính
chi thì làm đi, cứ hẹn dịch bài này, sách nọ mà rồi chả thấy mô hết!
-Thôi để kiếp
sau… sẽ dịch!
...
Tới khi đọc một
bài viết về
L'Étranger, cái tay nào viết bài
này, cũng nhận ra, y hệt Gấu khi viết về Bếp Lửa, Hà Nội, Tâm [trái tim] khi
"chiết tự" : Meursault = Mer + Soleil = Mặt Trời Địa Trung Hải: Quê
hương, Bếp lửa của Camus.
Nhưng không thể nào
ngờ được, Trái Tim, Tâm, Bếp Lửa... của dân Mít, sau cùng lòi
ra... bộ mặt thực: Trái Tim Của Bóng Đen!
Bếp
Lửa trong văn chương
Novel
What can the
novel say that cannot be said in any other manner? This is the very
radical
question asked by Hermann Broch. It is answered, specifically, by a
constellation of novelists so extensive and so diverse that together
they offer
a newer, broader, and even more literal notion of the dream of
Weltliteratur,
the world literature that Goethe envisioned. If, as French critic and
novelist
Roger Caillois said, the first half of the nineteenth century belonged
to
European literature, then the second half belonged to the Russians,
while the
first half of the twentieth century belonged to the North Americans,
and the
second half to the Latin Americans. Then, at the dawn of the
twenty-first
century, we can speak of a universal novel that encompasses Gunter
Grass, Juan
Goytisolo, and Jose Saramago in Europe; Susan Sontag, William Styron,
and
Philip Roth in North America; Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Nelida Pinion,
and Mario
Vargas Llosa in Latin America; Kenzaburo Oe in Japan; Anita Desai in
India;
Naguib Mahfouz and Tahar Ben-Jeleum in North Africa; and Nadine
Gordinier, J.
M. Coetzee, and Athol Fugard in South
Africa. Nigeria alone, from the “heart of darkness” of the shortsighted
Eurocentric conceptions, has three great narrators: Wole Soyinka,
Chinua
Achebe, and Ben Okri.
What is it that unifies
these great novelists beyond their
respective nationalities? Two things that are essential to the novel.
... and
society. Imagination and language. They answer the question of what
distinguishes the novel from journalistic, scientific, political,
economic, and
even philosophical inquiry. They give verbal reality to that part of
the world
that is unwritten. And they all share the urgent fear of all authors of
literature: if I don't put this word down on paper, nobody else will.
If I
don't utter this word, the world will fall into silence (or gossip and
fury).
And a word unwritten or unspoken condemns us all to die mute and
discontent.
Only that which is spoken is sacred; unspoken, unsacred. By saying
something,
the novel makes visible the invisible aspect of our reality. And it
does so in
a manner that is entirely unforeseeable by the realistic or
psychological
canons of the past. To the full (plenipotentiary) manner of Bakhtin,
the
novelist employs fiction like an arena in which characters appear along
with
language, codes of conduct, the most remote historical moments, and
multiple
genres, causing artificial walls to crumble, endlessly broadening the
territory
of human presence in history. The novel ultimately appropriates the
very thing
that it is not: science, journalism, philosophy ...
For this reason the novel
is much more than a reflection of
reality; it creates a new reality, one that did not exist before (Don
Quixote,
Madame Bovary, Stephen Dedalus) but without which we could not imagine
reality
as we know it. As such, the novel creates a new kind of time for
readers. The
past is rescued from the museums, and the future becomes an
unattainable
ideological promise. In the novel, the past becomes memory and the
future,
desire. Yet both occur in the now, in the present time of the reader
who, by
reading, remembers and desires. Today, Don Quixote will go out to fight
the
windmills that are giants. Today, Emma Bovary will enter the pharmacy
of the
apothecary Homais. Today, Leopold Bloom will live through a single June
day in
the city of Dublin. William Faulkner put it best when he said that time
was not
a continuation, it was an instant: "There was no yesterday and no
tomorrow, it all is this moment."
In this
light, the reflection of the past appears as the prophecy of the
narrative of the
future. The novelist, far more punctual than the historian, always
tells us
that the past has not yet ended, that the past must be invented at
every hour
of the day if we don't want the present to slip from our grasp. The
novel
expresses all the things that history either did not mention, did not
remember,
or suddenly stopped imagining. One example of this is found in
Argentina-the
Latin American country with the briefest history but the greatest
writers.
According to an old joke, the Mexicans descended from the Aztecs, and
the
Argentinians from the boats. Precisely because it is a young country,
with
relatively recent waves of immigration, Argentina has had to invent a
history
for itself, a history beyond its own, a verbal history that responds to
the lonely,
desperate cry of all the world's cultures: please, verbalize
me.
Borges, of course, is the
most fully developed example of
this "other" historicity that compensates for the lack of Mayan ruins
and Incan belvederes. In the face of Argentina's two horizons - the
Pampa and
the Atlantic-Borges responds with the total space of "The Aleph," the
total time of "The Garden of the Forking Paths," and the total book
in "The Library of Babel," not to mention the uncomfortable
mnemotechnics of "Funes, the Memorious."
History as absence.
Nothing else inspires quite so much fear.
But nothing provokes a more intense response than the creative
imagination. The
Argentine writer Hector Libertella offers the ironic response to such a
dilemma. Throw a bottle into the sea. Inside the bottle is the only
proof that
Magellan circumnavigated the earth: Pigafetta's diary. History is a
bottle
thrown into the sea. The novel is the
manuscript found inside the bottle. The remote Past meets the most
immediate
present when, oppressed by an abominable dictatorship, an entire
disappear, to
be preserved only in novels, such as those by Luisa Valenzuela of
Argentina or
Ariel Dorfman of Chile. Where, then, do the marvelous historical
inventions of
Tomas Eloy Martinez (The Peron Novel and
Santa Evita) occur? In Argentina's necrophiliac political past? Or
in an
immediate future in which the author's humor enables the past to become
the
present-that is, presentableand, more than anything, legible?
I would like to believe
that this mode of fictionalization
fills a need felt by the modern (or postmodern, if you wish) world.
After all,
modernity is a limitless proposition, perpetually unfinished. What has
changed,
perhaps, is the perception expressed by Jean Baudrillard that "the
future
has arrived, everything has arrived, everything is here." This is what
I
mean when I speak of a new geography for the novel, a geography in
which the
present state of literature dwells and that cannot be understood-in
England,
let's say-unless one is aware of the English-language novels written by
authors
with multiracial and multicultural faces, who belong to the old
periphery of
the British Empire – i.e., the Empire Writes Back.
V S. N aipaul, an Indian
from Trinidad; Breyten Breitenbach,
a Dutch Boer from South Africa; but also Marie-Claire Blais, of
francophone
Canada, and Michael Ondaatje, a Canadian as well though via Sri Lanka.
The
British archipelago includes other internal and external islands:
Alasdair
Gray's Scotland, Bruce Chatwin's Wales, or Edna O'Brien's Ireland, all
the way
to Kazuo Ishiguro's Japan. There would be no North American novel to
broaden
the. diversity of culture, race, and gender without the African
American Toni
Morrison, the Cuban American Cristina Garcia, the Mexican American
Sandra
Cisneros, the Native American Louise Erdrich, or the Chinese American
Amy Tan.
They are all modern Scheherazades: each night as they tell their tales,
they
stave off our deaths one more day ....
Jean-Francois Lyotard
tells us that the Western tradition has
exhausted what he calls "the meta-narrative of liberation." But
doesn't that mean, then, that the end of those "meta-narratives" of
the modern Enlightenment signals the multiplication of the
"multi-narratives" that have emerged out of a poly-cultural and
multiracial universe that transcends the exclusive domain of Western
modernity?
Perhaps Western
modernity's "incredulity toward meta-
narratives" is being displaced by the credibility being gained by the
poly-narratives
that speak on behalf of the multiple efforts for human liberation, new
desires,
new moral demands, and new territories of human presence throughout the
world.
This "activation of
differences," as Lyotard calls
it, is simply another way of saying that despite the realities of
globalization,
our post-Cold War world (and, if Bush Jr. gets his way, a world of
white-hot
peace) is not moving toward one illusory and perhaps very damaging
unity but
rather toward a greater, healthier, though often more contentious
differentiation of its peoples. I say this as a Latin American. For
much of our
independent existence, we were absorbed by a nationalistic
preoccupation with
identity-from Sarmiento to Martinez Estrada in Argentina, from Gonzalez
Prada
to Mariategui in Peru, from Hostos in Puerto Rico to Redo in Uruguay,
from
Fernando Ortiz to Lezama Lima in Cuba, from Henriquez Urena in Santo
Domingo to
Picon Salas in Venezuela, from Reyes to Paz in Mexico, Montalvo in
Ecuador, and
Cardoza Aragon in Guatemala. And this did, in fact, help give us
exactly that:
an identity. No Mexican has any doubt as to whether he is a Mexican, no
Brazilian doubts he is a Brazilian, no Argentinian doubts he is
Argentinian.
This reward, however, comes with a new demand: that of moving from
identity to
diversity. Moral, political, religious, sexual diversity. Without
respect for
the diversity that is based upon identity, liberty cannot exist in
Latin
America.
I offer the example that
is closest to me, the Indo-Afro-Latin
American example, to support the argument that sees the novel as a
factor in
cultural diversification and multiplicity in the twentieth century. We
enter
the world that Max Weber heralded as "a polytheism of values."
Everything-communications, economics, science, and technology but also
ethnic
demands, revived nationalism, the return of tribes and their idols, the
coexistence between exponential progress, and the resurrection of all
that we thought
was dead. Variety and not monotony, diversity rather than uniformity,
conflict
rather than tranquility will define the culture of our century.
The novel is a
reintroduction of the human being in history.
In the greatest of novels, the subject is introduced to his destiny,
and his
destiny is the sum of his experience: fatal and free. In our time,
however, the
novel is a kind of calling card that represents the cultures that, far
from
having been drowned by the tides of globalism, have dared to affirm
their
existence more emphatically than ever. Negative in the terms we are all
familiar with (xenophobia, aggressive nationalism, cruel primitivism,
the
perversion of human rights in the name of tradition, or the oppression
by the
father, the macho, the clan), idiosyncrasy is positive when it affirms
values
that are in danger of being forgotten or eliminated and that, in and of
themselves, are bulwarks against the worst tribalistic instincts.
There is no novel without
history. But the novel, by introducing
us to history, also allows us to search the non-historical path so that
we may
contemplate history in a clearer light, so that we may be authentically
historical. To become so immersed in history that we lose our way in
its
labyrinths, unable to find our way out, is to become a victim of
history.
Insertion of the
historical being into history. Insertion of
one civilization into others. This will require a keen conscience on
the part
of our own tradition if our goal is to extend a welcoming hand to the
traditions of others. What unites all tradition if not the need for
building a
new creation upon it? This is the question that new Mexican novelists
like
Jorge Volpi, Ignacio Padilla, and Pedro Ángel Palou resolve so
brilliantly.
All novels, like all works
of art, are composed
simultaneously of both isolated and continuous instants. The instant is
the
epiphany that, with luck, every novel captures and liberates. As Joyce
puts it
in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young
Man, they are delicate, fugitive moments, "lightning’s of
intuition" that strike "in the midst of common lives."
But they also strike us in
the middle of a continuous
historical event, so continuous that it has neither beginning nor
ending,
neither theological origin nor happy ending nor apocalyptic finale,
just a
declaration of the interminable multiplication of meaning that opposes
the
consoling unity of one single, orthodox reading of the world. "History
and
happiness rarely coincide," wrote Nietzsche. The novel is proof of
this,
and in Latin America we gain the novel of mindful warning when we lose
the
discourse of hope.
New novel: I speak of a
still tentative but perhaps necessary
step, from identity to "alternity"; from reduction to enlargement;
from expulsion to inclusion; from paralysis to movement; from unity to
difference; from non-contradiction to perpetual contradiction; from
oblivion to
memory; from the inert past to the living past; from faith in progress
to
criticism of the future.
These are the rhythms, the
meanings of newness in narrative....
perhaps. But only with them, with all the works that liberate them, can
we
attain the magnificent potential for creating images that Jose Lezama
Lima
bestowed upon the "imaginary eras." Because if a culture is not able
to create an imagination, the result will be historically
indecipherable, adds
the author of Paradiso.
The novelty of the novel
tells us that humanity does not live
in an icy abstraction of the separate, but in the warm pulse of an
infernal
variety that tells us: we have yet to be. We are in the process of
becoming.
That voice questions us,
arriving from far away but also from
very deep within us. It is the voice of our own humanity revealed in
the
forgotten boundaries of the conscience. And it hails from multiple
times and
distant spaces. But it creates-with us, for us-a space where we can
gather
together and share our stories with one another.
Imagination and language,
memory and desire-they are not only
the living matter of the novel but the meeting place for our unfinished
humanity as well. Literature teaches us that the greatest values of all
are
those that we share with others. We Latin American novelists share
Italo
Calvino's sentiments when he declares that literature is a model of
values,
capable of proposing stages of language, vision, imagination, and
correlation
of events. We see ourselves in William Gass when he shows us that the
body and
the soul of a novel are its language and imagination, not its good
intentions:
the conscience that the novel alters, not the con- science that the
novel
comforts. We identify with our great friend Milan Kundera when he
reminds us
that the novel is a perpetual redefinition of the human being as
problem.
All of this implies that
the novel must formulate itself as a
constant conflict of all that has yet to be revealed, as a remembrance
of all
that has been forgotten, the voice of silence and wings of desire of
all that
has been overcome by injustice, indifference, prejudice, ignorance,
hatred, and
fear.
To achieve this, we must
look at ourselves and the world
around us as unfinished projects, permanently incomplete personalities,
voices
that have not yet uttered their last word. To achieve this, we must
tirelessly
articulate a tradition and uphold the possibility that we are men and
women who
not only exist in history but make history. As Kundera suggests, a
world in the
midst of rapid transformation invites us constantly to redefine
ourselves as
problematic, perhaps even enigmatic beings, never as the bearers of
dogmatic
answers or conclusive realities. Isn't this what best describes the
novel?
Politics can be dogmatic. The novel can only be enigmatic.
The novel earns the right
to criticize the world by proving, firstly,
its ability to criticize itself. The novel's criticism of the novel is
what
reveals the labor that goes into this art as well as the social
dimension of
the work. James Joyce in Ulysses and Julio Cortazar in Rayuela
(Hopscotch) are prime examples of what I am trying to say:
the novel as a criticism of itself and the manner in which it unfolds.
But this
is the legacy of Cervantes and the novelists of La Mancha.
The novel proposes the
possibility of a verbal vision of
reality that is no less real than history itself. The novel always
heralds a
new world, an imminent world. Because the novelist knows that after the
terrible, dogmatic violence of the twentieth century, history has
become a
possibility; never again can it be a certainty. We think we know the
world.
Now, we must imagine it.
Carlos Fuentes: This I
Believe. An A to Z of a Life.