TOMAS TRANSTROMER: A TRIBUTE

ROBERT HASS        

TOMAS TRANSTROMER published his first book of poems-the stunning I7 dikter-when he was twenty-three years old. Eight volumes have followed, each rather austere and beautifully made. The poems were, from the beginning, thick with the feel of life lived in a particular place: the dark, overpowering Swedish winters, the long thaws and brief paradisal summers in the Stockholm archipelago. But they were also piercing inward poems, full of strange and intense accuracies of perception. The most famous lines-

Awakening is a parachute jump from the dream.

or

December. Sweden is a hauled-up,

unrigged ship

-stay with one a long time. And there are whole passages

equally indelible:

Daybreak slams and slams in the sea's grey stone gateway, and the sun flashes

close to the world. Half-choked summer gods

fumble in sea-mist.

And this:

The black-backed gull, the sun-skipper,

steers his course.

Under him is wide water.

The world still sleeps like a

many-coloured stone in the water.

Undeciphered days. Days-

like Aztec hieroglyphs!

Hieroglyph is- the right word. The brilliance of the metaphors, and their originality, was what most attracted attention of other poets and made Transtromer the most widely translated European poet of the post-war generation. His work has been translated into fifty languages, and as if each dialect required its own version, into English by English, Irish, Scottish, and American poets. This is remarkable at least in part because his work is not easy or immediately comforting. It was admired by poets first, and that is the work in translation tells us.
    His brilliance is very difficult to separate from the terseness and almost classical restraint of a style that makes almost all other poets seem garrulous, sociable, eager-even in their most rebellious attitudes-to please. Transtromer's metaphors have a way of suggesting an uncannily alert imagination turned to an undeciphered, but not entirely undecipherable, world. Its meanings often come in hints, glimpses along the way, sometimes brutal and ancient, sometimes unnervingly fresh. Almost always this world is as peculiar, bald, and hermetic as the opening of a hand when we cannot say whose it is or what purpose it intends. And almost in the poems, the everyday world, the one organized he purposes of power, commerce, pleasure, and transportation, is not the one we need to read. This way of seeing gives one the feeling, reading him, that one ought to wake up from whatever one's previous idea of being awake was, and it has made him one of the most urgent imaginations of our time.
    The later poems often occur in the moments between sleeping and waking, between work and home, as a commuter he outskirts of cities, as a tourist at the edge of cultures. It wasn’t without profit that Transtromer the poet practised his profession as a psychologist in small cities outside Stockholm, working as a psychotherapist and counselor in an institution for juvenile offenders and then as a psychologist for a labor organization. This immersion, or submersion, in the working world may be what gives his poems their intense sense of what it is like for consciousness to try to locate itself around the edges of the meanings - social, political, existential- it finds itself among. That must be why so many of the poems take place along the blurred seams of twentieth-century life, when the imagination has come unhinged a little and ceases to know what it thinks it knows about itself. These poems, more than any others I can think of, convey a sense what it is like to be a private citizen in the second half of the twentieth century. Anywhere this private citizenship exists-among the people who read and write books, for example-the phrase conveys the idea of a certain freedom, a certain level of comfort, and also some unease and isolation.
    And this is another powerful feature of his art. It praises art, but it never claims any special privilege from the situation of the artist. Maybe it is in this way that Transtromer's break with modernism is most complete. Other poets of his time and of his stature-one thinks of Zbigniew Herbert, Seamus Heaney, Joseph Brodsky- have faced the public world and the public horrors of their time with an art in their hands that served as both a hermeneutic of suspicion and an honorable tradition of dissent, but Transtromer's poems don't seem to lay claim to that tradition. Art, especially the art of music, comes into his poems as other hieroglyphs, hopeful scents picked up from the world's unpromising winds. One of the most powerful of these images comes from his long poem Baltics, when he stumbles on a carved baptismal font in an old church: 

In the half-dark corner of Gotland church,

in the mildewed daylight

stands a sandstone baptismal font-12^th century-

the stonecutter's name

still there, shining

like a row of teeth in a mass grave:

HEGWALDR

the name still there. And his scenes

here and on the sides of other vessels crowded with

people, figures on their

way out of the stone.

The eyes' kernel of good and evil bursting there.

Herod at the table: the roasted cock flying up and

crowing, "Christus natus est"-

the servant executed-

close by the child born, under clumps of faces as worthy

and helpless as young monkeys.

And the fleeing steps of the pious

drumming over the dragon scales of sewer mouths.

(The scenes stronger in memory than when you stand

in front of them,

strongest when the font spins like a slow, rumbling

carousel in the memory.)

Nowhere the lee-side. Everywhere risk.

As it was. As it is.

Only inside there is peace, in the water of the vessel

that no one sees,

but on the outer walls the struggle rages.

And peace can come drop by drop, perhaps at night

when we don't know anything,

or as when we're taped to a drip in a hospital ward.

 

Reading this, one understands that part of Transtromer's power is that, all along, he has been doing the work of a religious temperament in a secular and dangerous age and why he is, as the poet and critic Goran Printz- Pahlson has written, "one of the central and most original poets of our time.”
    Tomas suffered a stroke in I990 that left him paralyzed on his right side and that affected his wife, Monica, is a nurse. I am told that, while he was recovering, she drove to Stockholm, found a music store bought all the piano literature for one hand she could locate, drove home, gave it to Tomas, and told him to get to work.
    It must have been an effective therapy. Tomas was a accomplished pianist, and his publisher Bonniers has recently issued a CD that combines recordings of his poems recordings of his work at the piano. The piano performances, like his late works-the remarkable "Sad Gondola," and the haiku, a few syllables like scratches in snow that make up most of The Great Enigma-feel like metaphors for his art. One hand finding its way, note by note, in a darkness it has made luminous.

The New Brick Reader