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BRODSKY THROUGH THE EYES OF
HIS CONTEMPORARIES
Brodsky qua cái nhìn của
những người cùng thời với ông.
TLS June 12, 2009.
POETRY
Poet's handmaids
G. S. SMITH
Valentina Polukhina
BRODSKY THROUGH THE EYES OF
HIS CONTEMPORARIES
Volume One
391pp. £39.99. 9781934843 154
Volume Two
604pp. £46.99. 9781934843161
Academic Studies Press
Access
to Joseph Brodsky's
private papers has been blocked for fifty years following his death,
which
takes us to January 2046. For one thing, this means that if anyone is
still
interested, an authoritatively documented biography will be undertaken
by
someone who did not live in Brodsky's time, much less know him
personally.
Meanwhile, those who did know him have not stood still: in particular,
the late
Lev Loseff’s biography of his close friend (reviewed by Andrew Kahn in
the TLS,
May 4, 2007) should be published in English before long; it pointedly
concentrates on the literary. For the vast majority who do not share
Loseff’s
old-fashioned sense of decorum and want the life as well as the lines,
there is
plenty to be going on with. For a f start, there is more on record by
Brodsky d
himself, particularly during his final twenty I years, than by any
other Russian
poet; he subjected himself to interviews and videos with the same gusto
he let
loose on everything else that interested him. The main reason (for the
abundance of testimony from those who knew Brodsky, though, is
Valentina
Polukhina's indefatigable tracking of the poet and everything
concerning him,
sustained ( now for something like thirty years. Her dedication has
done more
than anything else to keep Brodsky's poetry and his memory current
outside and
inside Russia;
that his estate puts obstacles in the way of her of all people baffling
in its
short-sightedness.
Polukhina's latest
publication has a somewhat complicated history. The first volume of
Brodsky
Through the Eyes of his Contemporaries is a slightly augmented reprint,
under
the same title, of a book that was originally published in English in
1992. I
acclaimed it then as much more than just a study of Brodsky. For those
without
the language it remains the best available introduction to the way
contemporary
Russian poets think about themselves and what they do. Not
surprisingly,
Brodsky's major Leningrad contemporaries - Alexander Kushner, Loseff,
Evgeny
Rein, and Vladimir Uflyand in particular - dominate the book, but there
is also
some valuable testimony from Russian poets who back then were in the
middle or
younger generation; the non-Russians include Czeslaw Milosz. The
original
interviews were conducted between 1987 and 1991, when Brodsky was still
with
us. The two newcomers, both interviewed in 2003, are David
Shraer-Petrov,
doomed to be remembered as an also-ran to Akhmatova's orphans, and the
poet and
historian Peter Viereck (1916-2006), Brodsky's sometime colleague at Mount Holyoke,
who made three state-sponsored visits to the USSR
in the very early 1960s.
Volume Two first appeared in Russian
in 2006. As with the first volume, the new English text is not wholly a
translation, since some of the interviews were originally conducted in
English.
It too has been slightly augmented, and is accordingly subtitled
"1996-2008". The book contains forty interviews, divided into four
groups partly according to the nationality and background of the
interviewees;
all the women, though, are segregated in the terem of Part Two, an
arrangement
in accord with Brodsky's own compartmentalized thinking in these
matters.
Alongside Russian and
anglophone poets we now find a cosmopolitan crowd of lovers, friends,
relatives, acquaintances, former students, publishers and scholars. The
poets
Lev Loseff, Natalya Gorbanevskaya and Derek Walcott appear in both
volumes, to
very good effect.
For the most part, these
interviews come over as intense contests, however affable on the
surface.
Polukhina usually leads off with a few questions about the interviewees
themselves, and invites the poets among them to conclude with an
apposite poem
of their own; but in the body of almost every interview she hammers
away at the
same set of cardinal questions that Brodsky's life and work raise,
especially
for his fellow Russians. Did he addressing of God in his poetry is, to
my mind,
a way of primarily addressing some higher form of reason beyond the
muse".
Mark Strand saw something different again: "At heart Joseph was a
pagan". Delicate questions of religious faith such as these are
addressed
with remorseless directness, and in this context Polukhina' s
enterprise as a
whole is particularly meritorious for the absence of hagiography - with
the
irresistible exception of an outrageous remark by Tatiana Shcherbina:
"Had
I met Christ, it might have left a similar impression on me".
Polukhina's sky-high'
evaluation of Brodsky and his work is evident throughout, but very few
of her
interlocutors are railroaded into deference or evasion. Alongside the
awe, the
respect, and the genuine love, these books contain some of the most
penetrating
observations ever made about Brodsky, both the poet and the man. About
the
former, Pyotr Vail observes: "Pushkin was all about how we wanted to
be;
Brodsky was all about how we really are". About the man, Annelisa
Alleva
makes some cutting remarks, notably:
"He stole other people's
love in order to hide his insecurity". Derek Walcott puts the two
together: "Joseph didn't make a distinction between his calling and his
life. He was the best example I know of someone being a poet in the
professional
sense". Seldom do interviews contain less trivia than these.
Predictably, the answers to
Polukhina's questions sometimes characterize the respondent as much as
the
subject. This applies particularly to the poets. Seamus Heaney is
rather
orotund: "He told me once that Yeats's rhymes left something to be
desired
and at that stage I felt he was too far gone in certitude to be
educable".
Les Murray is the opposite: "I knew as much as Brodsky did, so we got
along fine". Readers should avoid privileging the words of the
celebrities,
though, and instead take care not to miss the oblique, sometimes
disenchanted
takes of the non-literary people whose paths crossed with Brodsky's,
such as
the geologist Genrikh Shteinberg, the painter Oleg Tselkov, the
translator and
former engineer Viktor Golyshev, and particularly the journalist Annie
Epelboin, who makes a devastating observation about Brodsky's defiant
ignorance
of French: "If he did not understand something, then he was convinced
that
there was nothing interesting to be found there".
The most moving and
persuasive general views of Brodsky come from non-Russians: the
Lithuanian poet
Tomas Venclova, the Swedish academic Bengt Jangfeld, and the Polish
academic
psychologist Zofia Kapuscinska, all three of them translators of
Brodsky into their
native languages. They are eventually overtaken by Alan Myers, the best
translator of Brodsky's poetry into English, and the most thoughtful
and
fair-minded of the people who knew him as a friend, capable of
forgiving the
poet his trespasses ("I was only too glad to be the handmaid of genius,
and to be taken for granted"). Daniel Weissbort, Peter France, and
Michael
Scammell all have precious first-hand comments about translating
Brodsky into
English and dealing with the consequences. Mikhail Heifetz, who served
six
years in prison for collecting Brodsky's poetry, sums up: "Joseph was a
man who realized himself. That for me is the main lesson of his life.
What more
does a man need?".
As far
as I know, almost all
the people who knew Brodsky really well have now taken the opportunity
offered
by Valentina Polukhina to have their say; others have published their
own
memoirs elsewhere. There is no doubt more to come. I suspect, though,
that this
welter of information, while often fascinating as human documentation,
does not
really help when it comes to tackling any specific poem by Brodsky, and
may
even act as a deterrent to careful reading, offering ready-made
conclusions in
lieu of sequential analysis.
Speaking of brittle egos,
since I am referred to here as an envious person who "trades in
caricature
and cliché, someone whose small-mindedness is reflected in their own
readiness
to lower 'the plane of regard''', I had better be very careful about
what else
I have to say, but here goes. For me these books raise some very thorny
questions of translation and linguistic propriety. On the positive
side, Robert
Reid deserves a medal for his steadfast contribution here and elsewhere
to the
translation of Russian prose and poetry into English; he deals bravely
with the
peculiar obscurantist codes often resorted to by Russian poets,
especially when
they are speaking rather than writing. Brodsky's example of
self-translation
and writing in English, though, seems to have licensed some other
Russians to
follow suit when they must know they lack his talent and his brains,
not to
mention the top-class professional assistance that Susan Sontag and
others
refer to here. There seems to be a working assumption that the
notorious
globalization and diversification of current English means that
anything is
permitted. The baleful consequences are all over these books. The
introductions
and the annotation to the interviews are particularly embarrassing;
they will
surely frustrate readers who cannot back-translate into Russian and at
best
amuse those who can and constantly have to. There is more,
unfortunately: these
books do not appear to have been styled or sub-edited by anybody, let
alone a
native speaker of English; notwithstanding all the merits of what they
have to
say, they will stand as a disgrace to the publisher for the way they
say it.
Server Tin Văn cho
biết, một tay Nga Xô, link một bài viết về Brodsky mà Gấu này scan từ
một tờ TLS [bỏ tiền ra mua nhé!].
Nhưng mà, Niên Xô nàm
sao mà đọc được Gấu Mít?
Thư sau đây, là của người phụ trách kho tàng Brodsky [Ann Kjellberg, Executor and Trustee, Estate of Joseph Brodsky] viết cho tờ TLS, để đưa ra hai cái còm, về
bài điểm sách của tờ này, Brodsky
dưới cái nhìn của những người cùng thời với ông.
Bài điểm này, cái bà Ann này, đọc trên Tin Văn. Thế mới thú.
Lại nhớ đến Đào quân, và bài
viết của ông, khi ông điểm cuốn sách của một tác giả mũi lõ, và
tay này bèn viết thư không phải để cám ơn, mà để yêu cầu sửa cái hình
của dịch giả, mà Đào quân lầm là hình tác giả!
*
Estate of Joseph
Brodsky
To the editors:
I would like to offer two comments on your June 12 review of Valentina
Polukhina's "Brodsky
Through the Eyes of His Contemporaries."
The reviewer, Gerald Smith, writes, "Access to Joseph Brodsky's private
papers has been blocked for fifty years following his death." This is
not precisely correct. In 1995, Brodsky himself closed certain private
papers held by the National Library of St. Petersburg, which he had
been unaware were publicly available there, for forty years. The
remainder of that archive, consisting of thousands of pages of
manuscripts, notebooks, and other documents left behind by Brodsky upon
his emigration in 1972, is open to scholars. The Beinecke Rare Book and
Manuscript Library in New Haven, Connecticut, holds papers in Brodsky's
possession at the time of his death, including those he preserved after
his emigration and a number that he saved or accumulated from before
his emigration. Except for a few pages closed for non-biographical
reasons, these are entirely open to scholars, again thousands of pages.
These terms are available to any scholar who inquires about access to
the papers. The Brodsky archives are being actively studied and have
been cited in numerous scholarly settings and are currently being
analyzed by a team of textologists for a multi-volume, bilingual
scholarly collection of Brodsky's work.
Second, Professor Smith writes, "That his estate puts obstacles in the
way of [Professor Polukhina] of all people is baffling." The Estate of
Joseph Brodsky has a policy of not interfering with scholarly research.
The only source I can identify for this remark is that Brodsky himself,
a well known skeptic about the value of literary biography, asked that
a request be distributed to his friends and relatives after his death
that they not participate in biographical research. (Indeed, he wrote to Professor
Polukhina herself in 1988: "I am willing to help you in any way I can
with regard to your textological studies—in so far as they touch upon
one or another of my texts. As for my life, the physical existence of
my person that is, I would ask you and all those who are interested in
my work, to leave it in peace.") We distributed this message as
requested, but leave to its recipients how to respond to it, and we do
not undertake to interpret or enforce it.
I apologize for wearying non-specialists with such arcana, but felt I
should state the matter clearly to avoid confusion.
Ann Kjellberg
Executor and Trustee
Estate of Joseph Brodsky
Note: Câu của Brodsky viết về ông, về cái xác thân là cái bị thịt hôi
thối, như Phật nói, mà chẳng hách sao?
*
BRODSKY THROUGH THE EYES OF HIS
CONTEMPORARIES
Brodsky qua mắt những người
cùng thời với ông
Ông
thi sỡi có yêu Đất Mẹ? Ông tình nguyện đi hay ông là một gã lưu vong?
Tại sao ông chẳng bao giờ trở về, ngay cả để viếng thăm? Ông là một tín
hữu Ky tô, theo bất cứ nghĩa nào của từ này? Là một tên Do Thái có
nghĩa gì không, đối với ông? Ông vẫn là và luôn là một nhà thơ Nga, hay
thực sự, là một người Nga, trong bất cứ một ý nghĩa nào có thể chấp
nhận được của từ này? Tại sao ông rao giảng chuyện thờ phụng ngôn ngữ,
và theo đường hướng nào ông thờ phụng nó? Tại sao ông lèm bèm hoài về
‘đế quốc’? Tại sao ông cứ cố tình tự mình dịch thơ mình qua tiếng Anh,
và kết quả của cái việc dịch đó có khá không?
Cùng với sự sợ hãi, sự kính trọng, và một tình yêu chân thực, những
cuốn sách này còn chứa đựng một số những nhận xét thật tới, chưa từng
có, về Brodsky, về cả hai, con người và nhà thơ. Về nhà thơ, có nhận
xét của Pyotr Vail: “Pushkin là tất cả về, như thế nào, chúng ta muốn
là; Brodsky là tất cả về, như thế nào, chúng ta thực sự là”. Về con
người, Annelisa Allleva đưa ra những nhận xét ‘gay gắt, nhức nhối’, thí
dụ, “Ông ta ăn cắp tình yêu của nhân dân để giấu diếm sự bất an của
mình”.
Derek Walcott nhào lộn cả hai nhận xét trên, thành:
Joseph [Huỳnh Văn] Brodsky đếch thèm để ý đến sự tách biệt giữa thiên
hướng nhà thơ và đời của ông. Ông là thí dụ đẹp nhất mà tôi biết về một
người, là một nhà thơ, theo một cái nghĩa nhà nghề của từ này.
"I was only too glad to be the handmaid of genius, and
to be taken for granted": Tớ thật hạnh phúc được là người hầu của thiên
tài, và được đảm bảo như vậy. Brodsky phán.
*
Nghĩ theo dòng
Joseph Brodsky làm
thơ ở quãng đời đẹp nhất của ông, và lịch sử việc in thơ ông phản ánh
hệ thống chính trị mà ông trưởng thành từ đó. Những cuốn thơ đầu của
ông, do bạn bè hoặc những người yêu thơ ông ở Tây Phương, tuyển chọn và
xuất bản. Chúng đều bị cấm đọc tại quê hương ông. Tại Liên Bang Xô
Viết, tập thơ đầu của ông chỉ được xuất bản sau khi ông được Nobel. Sau
khi chế độ độc tài Cộng Sản sụp đổ vào năm 1991, thơ ông mới được xuất
bản đầy đủ [in full scale].
Một
trong những hậu quả của tư tưởng của ông, rằng, một con người chỉ có
đi, khởi từ đầu một con đường một chiều, là, ông chẳng bao giờ trở về
quê hương. Cách ông suy nghĩ, và hành động, là trực tuyến, thẳng một
lèo, như người Việt mình nói. Từ tuổi ba mươi hai, ông đã là một
“nomad” [một tên lang thang, một kẻ du mục] - một người hùng của
Virgil, bị số phận trù ẻo: Đi mà đừng bao giờ mong, có một ngày trở về.
Khi
được hỏi tại sao không trở về, ông nói, ông không muốn thăm quê hương
như một khách du lịch. Hay là, ông không muốn về thăm quê hương mà lại
phải xin xỏ cái đám khốn kiếp đó. Cho dù là đám khốn kiếp đó ngỏ lời
mời.
Luận
cứ sau cùng của ông là:
Cái
phần đẹp nhất của tôi, thì đã ở đó.
Rồi.
Thơ
Của Tôi.
Nhà thơ nổi loạn
Có
em độ lượng với thời gian.
Có
bờ ngực dậy cho tôi thở.
Nguồn
*
Ui
chao, cái phần đẹp nhất của Gấu thì đã ở đó rồi.
Những
Ngày Ở Sài Gòn
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